Efecto de la ubicacion en altitud y latitud de huerto de manzanos cv. Braeburn y Red Chief sobre la madurez de los frutos, la incidencia de bitter pit y en la capacidad de prediccion mediante la infiltracion de frutos con sales de magnesio.

Resumen (Spanish, English)60 p.Se investigó en la temporada 98/99, el efecto de la altitud y la latitud de la zona productiva sobre los índices de madurez, incidencia y capacidad de predicción de bitter pit (r ) mediante infiltración de frutos con magnesio para dos variedades de manzanos. Se seleccionaron huertos a distintas altitudes (montaña: 519, valle: 350 y costa: 270 msnm), en la zona de Curicó (35º de latitud sur aproximadamente); y latitudes (Doñihue 34º02’S, Curicó: 34º59’S y Quepe: 38º52’). Los cvs. empleados fueron: Braeburn: en la montaña y valle; y en Doñihue, Curicó y Quepe, para altitud y latitud respectivamente; y Red Chief: para la montaña, valle y costa; y Doñihue, Curicó y Quepe, para la altitud y latitud respectivamente. En cada huerto se establecieron tres niveles de intensidad de raleo (un fruto cada un, dos o tres dardos; resultando en cargas alta, media o baja, respectivamente). La incidencia de bitter pit predicho (IBPP), se obtuvo colectando 120 frutos a los 40, 30 y 20 d pre-cosecha para cada variedad, luego de 20 d a 18 a 21ºC de infiltrada con una solución compuesta por 0,1M MgCl2, 0,4M Sorbitol y 0,01% Tween 20, a un vacío de 500 y 250 mm Hg para Braebur y Red Chief, respectivamente. Dicha incidencia se correlacionó mediante regresión lineal con los frutos a los que se le simuló almacenaje comercial (90 d a 1 a 2ºC, con 90% HR, más 10 d a 18 a 21ºC). Transecto Curicó: La madurez varió con la zona geográfica, disminuyendo en la medida que hay mayor altitud. La incidencia de bitter pit varió con la zona geográfica (0,1 y 6,3%; 0,2; 4,9 y 0,7 % para Braeburn y Red Chief, respectivamente). En la montaña se presentó la menor incidencia de bitter pit, lo que fue independiente del cultivar. Los coeficientes de correlación fueron bajos e irregulares (3 - 75%), no permitiendo establecer ecuaciones de predicción confiables. La zona que presentó la menor incidencia de bitter pit, fue también aquella con menores coeficientes de correlación. La incidencia de bitter pit se puede explicar parcialmente por los diferentes DPV en las localidades. La carga frutal no presentó efecto sobre los principales índices de madurez ni la incidencia de bitter pit. Huertos a distintas latitudes La madurez varió con la zona geográfica, avanzando esta de norte a sur. La incidencia de bitter pit varió según la zona geográfica en el cv. Braeburn (24,2; 6,4 y 2,3%); no siendo así en Red Chief (4,8; 4,9 y 2,9%). Quepe presentó la menor incidencia de bitter pit, siendo independiente del cultivar. El cv. Red Chief presentó una baja incidencia al bitter pit (0,7 - 4,9%, como mínimo y máximo, respectivamente). Los coeficientes de correlación fueron bajos e irregulares (11 a 77%), no permitiendo establecer ecuaciones de predicción confiables

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified